[52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. Mr. . During his research, Miller has identified many cultural links between Africa and the Americas, particularly between Cuba, Nigeria and Cameroon, which share a common heritage. Explain. (b) Analyze Cause and Effect: What events prevent their success? [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . The Ekpe-men are ranked in seven or nine grades, for promotion to each of which fresh initiation ceremonies, fees and oaths are necessary.[1]. Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e. The earliest proponent of the Igbo origin was William Baikie who stated in his 1856 publication, "All the coast dialects from One to Old Kalabar, are, either directly or indirectly, connected with Igbo, which later Dr Latham informs me is certainly related to the Kafir class". That is why Sisiku Ojong Orock after consultation with the other Ekpe members and Sisiku Mfonten Mbu decided to acquire his own Nkanda Lodge in April 2003. LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you, Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death, Joshua Project Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, Souvenir Programme of the Coronation Service of His Royal Highness Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V, Obong of Calabar and Paramount Ruler of the Efiks, Abridgement of the minutes of the evidence, "Souvenir programme of the Coronation of Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V", "Cross river as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class/concord systems", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1131332439, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 17:46. Ema Atai Ema Atai, Edidem, Biop sai." Opinions expressed belong solely to the author and do not represent the views of other Members, Management, or the Community at large. Hope all is well. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. I'm still struggling to understand her choice. Efik names were often anglicised to gain the trust of European traders. The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. This site uses cookies to help personalize content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. After World War II, a movement called the _____ Movement was founded by such writers as Leopold Sedar Senghor and Leon Damas, to support using Western literary forms, while writing in African languages. An entire topic will be dedicated to discussing the Ekpe society and its legacy in the near future. Some of the oldest of these societies were Nyana Nyaku and Nsibidi. There are several theories regarding the origin of the Efik people. Free masons were originally an ancient Egyptian fraternity of builders, with Imhotep, as their founder and chief sculptor. Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. Updates? Living in what is now Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. The Ekpe society had become, by the time Antera Duke began his diary in 1785, the Efik's primary socio-political institution. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago (E.O.Efiong-Fuller, 1996). [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. Their king on the eastern Calabar coast was known as Ating Anua Efiom. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). [9] The largest group moved to Creek town from Ndodoghi led by the priest-king Eyo Ema Atai.[38]. Ekpe means leopard, not lion. Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. The article was a not-so-deep exploration of indigenous African writing systems and languages. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. [52] The Captains wrote the acting consul who was stationed at Fernando Po. The Efik people are well known for a diverse number of cuisines. Bell of King Eyo Honesty II at Creek Town, Ekeng ita (also known as James Henshaw), Obong of Henshaw Town (c.a 1875). This exhibition, on view from April 18 to August 2, was organized by the Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, and generously supported by the William B. Jaffe and Evelyn A. [26][28] This theory was narrated at the Hart's enquiry by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku but has been criticised by Uruan writers such as Dominic Essien. [11] Ibonda (an Efut clan) has sometimes been appended to Adiabo as one of the seven Efik clans. . [39] At Ndodoghi, the Efik priest-king Ema Atai Ema Atai died and was succeeded by his son Eyo Ema Atai Ema Atai Iboku. . [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. In this light, the Cameroon National Council of Traditional Rulers would be a welcomed . Festival organised by Global Music Exchange (ht. [40] The outcome of the fall of the tree led to several deaths in their clan. Resume: La communaure cubaine Abakua-descendantedes communautes :EB:k Ekpe et Ejagham ~gbedu Sud Est du Nigeria etdu Sud Ouest du Cameroun-a ete fondee ala Havane dans les annees 1830 par des leaders captures des villages de Cross River. The Ekpe society is the most renowned traditional institution in Efik history. Charles Ekpo Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Nigeria The Cross River region is a vast socio-cultural mosaic which accommodates peoples of distinct ethnic, religious, social, economic and. Determine the meaning of the italicized word in each sentence by examining the context. [12], The Efik were noted for their involvement in the slave trade were they acted as slave traders and middlemen between the inland slave traders and the Europeans. [67] Communities within the Calabar metropolis such as Efut, Kiong and Qua also speak and understand the Efik language. [37] A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. Hood Quarterly, spring 2015 This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. Abaku is an Afro-Cuban men's initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from the Ekpe society in the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. LEFT Omabe Eze sewing an ukara, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . Posted on March 01, 2015 There is not even one single manyangero mentioned on all the write up on any of the ekpe/mgbe stories. One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. Aye and Eyo Okon Akak. Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. [13] Throughout the centuries, Efik traders traded with the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French. The story of The River Between by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, takes place in _________________ (name of present-day country) in the mid 1800's. The Ekpe society may be regarded as one of the most important institutions among the Efik people. Aye, Originally Ekpe Fraternity was for religious purposes, but as the Calabar community became complicated owing to the new wealth which the early trade with Europeans brought it was. Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. Our newsletter gives you access to a curated selection of the most important stories daily. Residents in Ekpe villages often go to the group to help them seek justice when theyve been wronged. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. Google Scholar Aye, E. A. Individual symbols may also have multiple meanings, rendering context important and interpretation inevitable in the "reading" of the body of represented signs. Several accounts have been given on the migration from Creek town to Obutong. One-word searches work best.Use AND to require multiple terms: LEFT Small ukara with minute patterned design and Omu Aro symbol. The most popular migration account within the Nigerian space asserts that the Efik people lived at Ibom in the present-day Arochukwu and migrated from Ibom to Uruan. [37] When many of the Efik had left for Ndodoghi, a series of unfortunate events occurred. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (e.g., European. Ekpe" which literally means Lion, is a traditional secret society originated from the Ekoi tribe in Cross River State. The cloth is traditionally used as either a wrapper, worn by high- ranking members of Ekpe group who often . One theory states that the Efik and Uruan had separate religious customs and the Efik refused to worship the Uruan deity Atakpor Uruan Inyang. In Ekpe, he is a product of a dynasty of more than five Generations of Ekpe Sisikus, also known as Nfor Ngbe or Ekpe Chiefs. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. One theory propounded by Okon and Nkpanam Ekereke asserts that the term "Efuk" was a word of defiance and an expression used by the Ibibio man when in a fit of rage. [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. For instance any member wronged in an Ekpe district, that is one dominated by the society, has only to address an Ekpe-man or beat the Ekpe drum in the Ekpe-house, or blow Ekpe as it is called, i.e., sound the Ekpe horn, before the hut of the wrong-doer, and the whole machinery of the society is put in force to see justice done. [76], Prior to the introduction of European-styled clothing, the Efik wore loin clothes made of Raffia (Efik: Ndam). This is evident in a testimony by Isaac Parker, a ship-keeper who lived at Duke town in 1765 for 5 months. In the case of the latter, in the heat of the confusion, villagers would be kidnapped and sent to Calabar were they were sold. In his well researched thesis titled "Ekpe Imperium in South Eastern Nigeria", Anwana (2002) identified a plenitude of evidences to validate the Ejagham/Ekoi origins of the Ekpe society. Thanks for signing up for our daily insight on the African economy. Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. [1] The trade-off is that the Amama often control the majority of the community wealth. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . . Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. Plenty sugar cane live here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion. Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted. At Old Calabar, traders had slowly started transitioning completely into the lucrative palm oil trade. [47], By the seventeenth century, more Efik settlements had been founded. The Efik people speak the Efik language, which is a BenueCongo language of the Cross River family. kp had four major roles in pre-colonial life. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the . And it's a symbol in both. Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the Nsibidi script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State. [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". I Am Niki Buroro Agbor Ekpe Jerome a holder of a professional Masters in Forestry and wildlife Engineering with focus on Protected Area Management, Masters of Science in Forest Governance and policies from University of Dschang and Professional Masters in Environmental Science (ESIA) university of Yaounde 1. As Sidney Kasfir has pointed to (in reference to the Ekpe society in southeastern Nigeria and adjoining Cameroon), material, performative, and ritual structures in masking are not fused together but can be used to different ends and can travel different paths ( Kasfir 2019: 15). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. The kp ("leopard") society represents an ancient African institution that provided the supreme functions of governance in the communal societies of the forest regions of the Cross-River basin and the hilly terrain to the east, in what is called today southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. Ikpa Ene was a virgin island on the banks of the Cross river. Although Duke town is believed to have been occupied since the 15th century by the Enwang, it was not until the 17th century that the Efiom Ekpo families moved in large waves to the site. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. [64] They insisted that Obutong be completely destroyed. There are said to be at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. One account narrates that the Mbiabo group left first to their present location while the Iboku, Enwang and other clans were still at Ndodoghi. http://Ekpesociety.blogspot.com; www.ekpe.org; http://Ekpesocietyusa.blogspot.com; http://ndiboyevengo.blogspot.com, Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting, Ekpe Chief Maurice Enoh's funeral in Dallas on January 27th and 28th 2012, Maurice Enoh: The 1st Manyu Ekpe USA Sessekou to die in USA, Maurice Enoh returning from his crowning ceremony as Ekpe Chief in Kepelle Village, Ekpe-USA received at the Smithsonian Museum. Talbot asserts that a great cotton tree had fallen down on many of the Abayen and in their pride of numbers, they believed they could hold the cotton tree. [22] This is further proven by Talbot who proves that other ethnicities appended the name "Eburutu" or "Oburutu" to their ethnic names. Also i want bomb and shell. No disrespect allowed. [64] It took several years before the town was rebuilt.[64]. Many families sent their children to European captains to teach them English and the processes involved in the international trade. Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. [19] Oku attests that it was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. Sunjata's aunt, Tenenba Conde, childless herself, must raise the child Fakoli, son of Kosiya Kante, after Kosiya sacrifices herself for her brother's sake. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors ( ikan ). society to its Caribbean incarnation, which has deeply influenced Cuba's creative energy and popular consciousness. Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. Internal details about the membership and brotherhood demands of this ancient group is supposedly a top secret known only to the members. Ukara cloth, an indigo stitched and dyed cloth is significant to the people of Igbo land. (a) What are the Clowns trying to accomplish in this scene? [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. [41] Latham hypothesizes that the Efik may have arrived before the middle of the seventeenth century. an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too The Ekpe society, the regulatory society in Manyu Division also fixed a heavy fine on any defaulter. This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar. These Ngolo created the Ekpe society and invented the Nsibidi writing system in Usakadet (Isangele).
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