The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). 214 High Street, She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. to answer the Section Focus Question: Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. VAT reg no 816865400. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. - send 2000 to rebels. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Become a Member | Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. LS23 6AD Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. This increased tension between England and Spain. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. 2. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Apply for student finance without a bank account? This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. - rebelling of scottish lords. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . Spanish invasion plans. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. One was debt. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Dedicated to. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. 214 High Street, By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. 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