This is especially prevalent in the Shakta denomination within Hinduism, which worships the Goddess Devi in all her manifestations. Traditionally, the Ramgarhia group had occupations such as carpentry and blacksmiths, some then later diversified into the steel and construction industries. [10] Mahatams were originally Hindus, though some also professed to Islam. Blanks mean an unknown value. Ramdasia Sikhs got their name from the fourth Sikh Guru Memorandum on Sikhs by Captain B T Crowther, 23rd Pioneers, District Recruiting Officer, Sikh District, Jassa Singh was assigned to this task and he, with the help of his contingent, reconstructed the fortress and named it Ramgarh. He defended it bravely but realising that the struggle would prove very costly in lives lost against Mughal hordes, decided to vacate the fortress. Gurdwara (the door or the gateway to the Guru) is the name given to the Sikh's place of worship, commonly addressed as Sikh temple in the western world. The Sikhs again emerged into the open and decided to rebuild the Ram Rauni fort. [9], Despite Sikhism generally rejecting the caste system, it does have its own very similar socio-economic hierarchy, with its constituents often described as castes. Originally called Thoka, meaning carpenter, the Ramgarhia are named after Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, whose birth surname of Thoka became Ramgarhia in the 18th century when he was put in charge of rebuilding of what became known as Ramgarhia Bunga, at Ramrauni, near Amritsar. Map Design: Joshua Project, Joshua Project data is drawn from many sources and of varying accuracy depending on source and editorial decisions. The Sikhs emerged stronger as a result of these trials and in a few years had defeated all Mughal forces between area of River Jamuna and River Indus. The Commander of Jalandhar, was a cunning and treacherous person called Adina Beg. The Ramgarhia are a community of Sikhs from the Punjab region of northwestern India, encompassing members of the Lohar and Tarkhan subgroups of jatt sikhs. In 1770, he led plundering expeditions into the hills. 4 Where does the last name Janda come from? In April 1758, Adina Beg became governor of the Punjab. As per Sikhism there is no caste/race or cult. Jassa Singh Ahluvalia ascended the throne on 11 March 1783, but Jassd Singh Rdmgarhia challenged his right to do so at which the Ahluvalia chief vacated the royal seat. Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and his squad deserted the royal army and joined the Singhs inside the fort with his squad. Lord Rama, Seventh avatar of God Vishnu and the king of Ayodhya. An equestrian statue[19] of Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgharia has been installed in Amritsar, Punjab. of 39 people with the last name Rehal Ramgarhia Castes (Gotras) List A Anuja Anwal Arab Arar Asar Asra Assoun Athangal Atwal () Aujla () Aulakh () B Babbar Bachhal Badah Badanah Just like him, many Ramdasia Sikhs remain clean-shaven. At the height of his power, Jassa Singh's territory in the Bari Doab included Batala, Kaldnaur, Dinanagar, Sri Hargobindpur, Shahpur Kandi, Gurdaspur, Qadian, Ghuman, Matteval, and in the Jalandhar Doab, Urmur Tanda, Sarih, Miani, Garhdivala and Zahura. The Sikhs crossed Jamuna at Barari Ghat and returned home, Jassa Singh come back to Tosham to deposit his booty[16], In beginning of January 1785, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia along with Baghel Singh, Gurdit Singh of Ladwa passed over Jamuna river, They plundered the village and towns of Sadaat-e-Bara, Zabita Khan did not stir out of his fort of Ghausgarh, they crossed the Ganga river and entered Rohilakhand, On 13 January, the villages of Barsi and mahmudpur were laid waste, On 14 January, They sacked Chandausi the great center of about 2000 bankers, rich merchants and jewellers was thoroughly squeezed and booty worth a crore of rupees was obtained in two days and nights,[17], Jassa Singh now turned his attention towards the Panjab, Sharp differences had arisen between Jai Singh Kanhaiya and Maha Singh over the booty of Jammu, Maha Singh invited Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and Sansar Chand katoch. Mir Manna's death in November 1753 plunged the Punjab into anarchy. Country of Origin of Rehal : India Associations representing the less influential but numerically superior people have formed in reaction to this, including Ramgarhia groups that are running their own educational and socio-religious institutions as well as mobilising their diaspora and any prominent individuals who might assist in enhancing their identity. During British rule,they were declared a criminal tribe. Many a time it was razed to the ground by the Mughals and Pathans, thousands of lives were lost in its defence but every time Jassa Singh rebuilt it with greater devotion and constant perseverance. The Punjabi Khatri surname Rehal is pronounced as RAY-hal. Discover Rehal family photos shared by the community. These are the earliest records we have of the Rehal family. There were nine hundred Sikhs in it, under Jassa Singh's command. The Devi Gita, declares her to be the greatest Goddess. Shoes should removed before entering the Divan or Langar Hall and placed in the designated areas. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 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Occupation and status Generally, Sikh carpenters use Ramgarhia as a surname whereas Hindu carpenters use Dhiman. If you lived in British controlled Kenya in the earlier half of the 20th century, you might think that all Sikhs were moving to Africa! Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was 5 years old when Banda Singh Bahadur attained martyrdom at Delhi. WebIndex to St. Louis, Missouri Naturalization Records Created after Sept. 27, 1906 . Ask Him to raise up workers who will tell them about Christ. Being of the solar lineage, Hindu Rehal families worship the Invincible Goddess Durga Devi as their family deity while Sikh Rehal families worship their Gurus. WebThere are already many descendants of Ukrainians in Russia who identify themselves as Russians despite having surname of Ukrainian origin. For them Sansi, Chamar and Mazhabi Dalit Sikhs are of the same the lowest rank. Twenty years Earlier Banda Bahadur had abolished all taxes and the Zamindari system. Values for %Christian Adherent and %Evangelical (which determine unreached status) are often informed estimates, some more accurate than others. are not permitted on the Gurdwara premises. Those people, says Singh, have "captured the control of Sikh socio-religious institutions and political parties." Both have 2 arms, 2 legs, 2 eyes, 2 ears, 1 mouth, red blood, 1 brain, 1 heart. Both bleed when injured. Both came here in birth & will leave in de Notable people with the surname include: This page lists people with the surname Janda. Sustaining this needs support from wonderful readers like you. The Sanskrit term kshatriya is used in the context of Vedic society wherein members organized themselves into three classes: Brahmin, Kshatriya, and Vaishya. This answer is: Study guides. Even today it is present at the Golden Temple known as Ramgarhia Bunga. Meaning of Rehal : Kingdom, Palace youth completely denies caste system..but still caste system is prevalent in india and mostly among sikh religion. He built a fort at Talvara on the left bank of the Beds and stationed his brother, Mali Singh, with 4,000 horse, in the fort. IP Singh is principal correspondent at The Times of India, Jalandhar. It is also a center for promoting culture and health. They are locally known as Tarkhan (Carpenter) because they are master of wood work in Punjab. The Rehal families celebrate all the festivals related to the Great Devi Durga. true dat, i don't pay any attention to such crap. - Evangelicals have a significant presence. The Sikhs disappeared into the neighbouring jungle, but 500 of them took shelter within their newly built fortress, Ram Rauni, and defied the Mughal force. As the Afghan threat receded, the Sikh sardars began fighting among themselves. A History of the Sikh Misals. Russian surnames are mostly What Can You Learn About Your Forebears From The Meaning Of Surnames. that have a birth and death date listed. Sansi Sikhs are nomadic gypsies, and are divided into two main clans named after two mythical ancestors,MahalaandBeehdoo. Adi Parashakti or Mahadevi, the supreme power, is called Durga Shakti as per Devi-Mahatmya. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia returned to the Punjab and allied himself with the Sukkarchakkias in order to destroy his old foe, Jai Singh Kanhaiya. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia fearlessly stood like a mountain in the center close by him was Jassa Singh Thokah, looking like a lion in stature, the Qazi says that Ramgarhia has his own flag and war drum[11], In 1767, Ahmad Shah Durrani Invaded India for the eight time, while Ahamed Shah was crossing the river Beas, his passage was obstructed by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, a fierce contest took place in which Ahluwalia was severely wounded. [5][8] The lessons learned in Punjab, where they had established a few gurdwaras to aid community cohesion and had been loyal to the British and generally unwilling to support the Jat-led Akali movement, assisted their improved status in Assam. Jassa Singh's policies were in contrast to those of other misl leaders. Finally, in 1989, the Kansas City Sikhs completed a Gurdwara (Sikh place of worship) in Shawnee Kansas, where we continue to worship today. Being a Jatt is not at odds with Sikhism because they are not superior to anybody inherently. In 1758, After the death of Adina Beg he collaborate with Jai Singh Kanhaiya, He capture Sri Hargobindpur, and Miani and established his headquarters at Sri Hargobindpur, In 1763, he sacked Kasur along with Jai Singh Kanhaiya and Hari Singh Dhillon, the Ramgarhias and kanhaiyas share all their booty equally, on this occasion he tried to keep all the booty for himself, As a result, his relationship with Jai singh Kanhaiya deteriorated. Both were enemies of Jai Singh Kanhaiya, Jassa Singh hurried from Tosham at the head of his whole force, and stopped at Jagraon, where Maha Singh agent's met him to form the plan of action, A Kanhaiya force tried to check Ramgarhias but failed a hard battle was fought near Achal, Jai Singh heir apparent Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya was killed in the engagement, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia recovered his all lost territories he established his headquarter at Batala.[18]. The Dalit Sikhs oftenlamentthat theyremainperipheral to structures of power even in Punjab, which is the only Sikh-majority state in the Indian Union, but the recentelevation of Charanjit Singh Channi a Ramdasia Sikh to the post of ChiefMinister, and thus the first ever Dalit CM of Punjab, has dramaticallypropelled the issues and political identity of Dalit Sikhsto the centre stage ofcontemporary Punjab politics. Hearing the news of the second invasion of Abdali, Mir Mannu made peace with Sikhs and ceded an estate in Patti area to them. His father was named Bhagwan Singh, who himself was the son of Hardas Singh. Please. One of the prominent military leaders of the Sikhs in the second half of the eighteenth century, was born in 1723 at Ichogill, a village 20 km east of Lahore. They also performed the function of hereditarygenealogists to the dominant Jat caste, and in return received some grain at each harvest. Ramdasias were also known as Khalsabiradar (brother). Eleven of these formed the core of the caste constituency Jat and Kamboh (agrarian); Khatri and Arora (mercantile); Tarkhan, Lohar, Nai, and Chhimba (artisan); Kalal (distiller); and Chamar and Chuhra (outcaste Dalits). Driven out of the Punjab, Jassa Singh became a soldier of fortune. [6], The British authorities also encouraged Ramgarhias to migrate within India during the first quarter of the 20th century. His father, Bhagvan Singh was killed in a fight against Nadir Shah during his invasion of India in 1739. Over time, they managed to maintain a distinct sense of identity and culture despite major persecution by invading Arabs, Rajputs and Hindu elite. As well as sermons and the singing of the scriptures, the congregation is expected to participate in the ceremonies of birth, baptism, marriage, death and celebration of festivals. [1], Originally called Thoka, meaning carpenter,[2] the Ramgarhia are named after Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, whose birth surname of Thoka became Ramgarhia in the 18th century when he was put in charge of rebuilding of what became known as Ramgarhia Bunga, at Ramrauni, near Amritsar. Heads should be covered at all time (head coverings are available in the entrance foyer). Young Jassa Singh then joined the jatha of Nand Singh Sahghania and learnt the art of warfare at an early age. At the same time, it is not at odds with Sikhism to claim you are a Jatt just like it is not at odds to say you are an Italian Sikh. Jassa Singh consulted the Dal Khalsa about the offer. In Hinduism every clan has a Kuldevi or dev who is the protector of that particular clan. If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account. Kshatriyas are known as Khatris in Punjab at present time.Traditionally, the kshatriya constituted the ruling and military elite. Pasted as rich text. they will few found in Pakistan and India Punjab. Though a lower caste, they traced their origin to the Bhati Rajputs of Rajasthan. She was married either with Brahma and Vishnu. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Sikhs at this time were in control of villages while Mughal administration was only effective in cities. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. The meaning of the surname Rehal is Palace. Claiming that Jatts are superior is stupid and is like saying Italians are superior to French. Scripture Prayers for the Ramgarhia in India. Views are personal. They were primarily Hindus prior to their conversion to Sikhism. Their nomadic lifestyle Sansis were primarily hunters and shepherds is considered the main cause of their social exclusion, backwardness, degradation to a lower caste. In the Punjabi language, "garh" means "stronghold" or "fort." WebRamgharia's Surname List A *Ahdi * Arrii * Assi. He and the remaining soldiers fought their way out to seek shelter in their old haunts, the hills and forests till the right opportunity presented itself to rebuild Ramgarh, which was razed to the ground by the Mughals soon after it was vacated. Other data may have varying ages. In the battle of Dinanagar in 1775, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia joined the Bhangi sardars against the forces of the Kanhaiyas and the Sukkarchakkias. The Dal Khalsa approved of Jassa Singh joining Adina Beg's service on the grounds that it would be ultimately beneficial to the Sikhs. The Gurdwara is a place for acquiring a spiritual knowledge and wisdom. Jai Singh Kanhaiya joined Jassa Singh Ahluvalia and the Ramgarhia Sardar had to flee the Punjab. There are two broad categories: Jat (jut) and Khat(t)ri (kh schwa t r long e). That is why Jassa Singh and his followers came to be known as 'Ramgarhia' and his 'misal' became famous with this name. Ramdasias were also originally Chamars, and are included within that group in Punjabs Scheduled Caste list. Both sides drew out swords and were about to pounce upon each other when Jassa Singh Ahluwalia at once renounced the honour, Ramgarhia detached the throne of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (on which he ordered the death of 9th guru Guru Teg Bahadur ji) and brought it on elephants and kept it at Golden Temple, Amritsar. Discover the most common names, oldest records and life expectancy of people with the last name Rehal. India puranic/ vedic tree including modern royal dynasties. Sikh Youth growing up under pro-caste environment won't let it go. * Babra * Bachu * Bansal * Bahra * Bamrah * Bara * Barhey * Bari * Baharha * Bhachu * Bhachoo * Bhamber * Bhambher * Bhambra * Bhamra * Bhara * Bharaj * Bhari * Bhatti * Bheley * Bhogal * Bhui * Bhurjee * Bhurji * Bilkhu * Birmi * 209 birth records, View Lord Brahma, The Creator. However, in official records, they are still bracketed with Chamars, and counted as Hindus in the census records just like them. History & Genealogy Department By the way, is there any tension or hatred between the two, and how are the split into different types of Sikhs - what are their beliefs? My Brother, No One Is Higher Than Anyone. Everyone Is Equal, All People In World Are Same. Guru Gobind Singh Ji Finished All This Caste System By G Babu Kanshi Ram, the founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party, was a clean-shaven Ramdasia Sikh who belonged to Punjabs Ropar district. Each caste has its sphere of influence He joined forces with Adina Beg, who appointed him a risaldar (commander), but switche Beg's siege and, in 1752, rebuilt the damaged fort. |Ethnicity of Rehal : Punjab. Alphabetical surname index . JATT SURNAMES: A: Anuja, Anwal, Arab, Arar, Atwal, Arya, Asar or Asra, Athangal, Aujla, Aulakh or Aurak, . Ramgarhia means "those who construct forts." He took possession of Hissar and raised a large body of irregular horse, his depredations extending to the gates of Delhi and its suburbs and into the Gangetic Doab. He was the founder of the Ramgarhia Misl, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was born into a Sikh family[2] with surname Sagoo in 1723. Ravidasias are very particular about their distinct faith and often assert their separate Dalit identity. Occupation and status Generally, Sikh carpenters use Ramgarhia as a surname whereas Hindu carpenters use Dhiman. Map geography: UNESCO / GMI. [3] Generally, Sikh carpenters use Ramgarhia as a surname whereas Hindu carpenters use Dhiman. Sikhs like the Ramgarhias know God as creator, but they have also adopted a number of faulty views of the spiritual world because of false teachings. Brother of Baba Jai Singh; Baba Khush Haal ; Baba Maali Singh and Baba Tara Singh. This content can be configured within your theme settings in your ACP. Jassa Singh Ramgharia (Lived: 1723 - 1803), was one of the greatest Sikh warrior and a military leader of 18th century. He was the founder of Ramgh Mazhabis and Ranghretas are the second major segment of Dalit Sikhs. The local rajas sought safety in submission and Jassa Singh collected a tribute of 200,000 rupees from the Kangra states. After Adina Beg's death in September 1758, the roving bands of the Sikhs returned. The Ramgarhia Mislderives its name from this place which literally means Custodians of the Castle of God. So, if you see anyone calling him jatt-sikh also Tarkhan-sikh that is un-sikh and most of the youth knows it, and it will go away soon because youth don't care about it. [8][pageneeded], Jassa Singh rose to command the Sikh misl that became later known as Ramgarhia and built a fort called Ram Rauni and Ramgarhia Bunga (watchtower) at Amritsar. Where are the people who will tell them about the One who taught mankind the truth? It progresses toward becoming inconvenience free for individuals to perceive an individuals standing from their surname. His hobbies include reading up on a variety of subjects. According to W. H. McLeod, his birthplace was the village of Ichogil, near Lahore, whilst H. S. Singha I have to strongly disagree! The Gurdwara plays a socio-economic role in the Sikh community. Today there are only about 5700 Ramgarhia people living in India. Despite their reputation for building forts, the Ramgarhia find themselves captive in a spiritual stronghold of half-truths. WebJassa Singh Ramgarhia was born into a Sikh family with surname Sagoo in 1723. The Kul Devi of the royal Rehal families is Devi Durga. Here all men, women and children are treated as equal. Our gurus said..sikh di koi jaat nahi, jis di jaat hai oh sikh nahi..on one side we said that we all follow guru granth sahib but on other side we believe in such stupid beliefs. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia (17231803) was a prominent Sikh leader during the period of the Sikh Confederacy. Their traditional occupations were carpenters, stonemasons and blacksmiths. According to W. H. McLeod,[3] his birthplace was the village of Ichogil, near Lahore, whilst H. S. Singha[4] refers only to Lahore and Purnima Dhavan[5] mentions origins in either Guga or Sur Singh, both near Amritsar. A big battle was fought between Jai Singh, Charat Singh, and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia on one side and Bhangis, Ramgarhias and their associates on the other side. It has the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, Amrit Kirtan Gutka, Bhai Gurdaas Vaaran, Sri Dasam Granth Sahib and Kabit Bhai Gurdas. WebRamgarhia sikh surname. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It provides care for the sick, elderly and handicapped. The Ramgarhia are a community of Sikhs from the Punjab region of northwestern India, encompassing members of the Tarkhan and lohar subgroups Caste System was started in Hinduism by ancient Priests by using "manu smirti". Soon a body of 30,000 horse and foot under him and Karam Singh crossed into Saharanpur district, ravaging it freely. Ramdasia Sikhs. After the completion of the projects, most made their way to England and North America. The Sikhs left his territory and moved to other states. When in October 1748, the Sikhs gathered at Amritsar to celebrate the festival of Divali, Mir Mannu, the new provincial governor, marched upon the city to expel the Sikhs. Followers of Guru Ravidas, they are often mistaken as Dalit Sikhs, even though some of them keep beard and unshorn hair similar to the baptised Sikhs and worship Guru Granth Sahib. Discriminating against other people and claiming superiority however is wrong. In 1745, he was deputed to settle terms with Adina Beg, the faujdar of the Jalandhar Doab, who was harassing the Sikhs under instructions from Nawab Zakariya Khan, the Mughal governor of Lahore. They were primarily scavengers before their conversion to Sikhism. Jassa Singh died on 20 April 1803 at the age of 80. Jats are historically land-owners, farmers or warriors. Ltd. All rights reserved. The opportunity presented itself on the death of Mir Mannu on 3rd November 1753, Jassa Singh marched straight to Amritsar and rebuilt Ramgarh with the help of fellow Ramgarhias, stronger than before, a standing proof of that indefatigable will and unbending spirit of Jassa Singh and his comrades. The caste system is a Hindu concept like the others above said and people fit into Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya etc.. Jatts are a group of people who migrated into Sindh and were treated as Vaishyas by the ruling Hindu elite. [1], Ramgarhia caste which encompasses members of Tarkhan and Lohar are included in the list of Backward Classes (BC) to improve their economic conditions.[11]. Share their story. The Kshatriya caste is a noble blood royalty that is descended from the Kingly families. Jassa Singh left Adina Beg, and made an appeal to Kaura Mall, the Diwan of Lahore and a Sahajdhari Sikh, to save the Sikhs from destruction. Claiming that Jatts are superior is stupid and is like saying Italians are superior to French. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and Jai Singh Kanhaiya united and within a short time they seized large slices of territory in four out of the five Doabs; they occupied the fertile tract called Riarki to the north of Amritsar embracing the district of Gurdaspur. The Sikhs were hunted, caught, brought to Lahore and then murdered with the most cruel methods known to Mir Mannu and his assistants. A displayed zero can mean true zero, a very small rounded number or sometimes unknown. At the time of Guru Gobind Singh, they joined the Khalsa in large numbers. Being a Jatt is not at odds with Sikhism because they are not superior to anybody inherently. Some prominent castes among Sikhs are Arora, Khatri, Ramgarhia, Jat, Saini, Kamboh, Mahton, Chhimba, Mohyal , Chamar, etc. Polish family names originated in the 17th century generally finish with ski or witz or ska. As many Jewish families originated in bordering In the battle of Dinanagar in 1775, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia joined the Bhangi sardars against the forces of the Kanhaiyas and the Ikshvaku, First king and the founder of Solar Dynasty. Jassa Singh performed his task so well that Adina Beg became highly impressed with his statesmanship and wisdom and offered him a major position in his army with a jagir to cover his expenses. Mahan Singh won over to his side Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra and invited Jassa Singh Rdmgarhia to come back to the Punjab and make a bid to recover his lost possessions. The surname Rehal belongs to the high Khatri caste. Copyright 2022 Printline Media Pvt. The average age of a Rehal family member is 70.0 years old according to our database WebMANGAL SINGH RAMGARHIA. Durga is Adi-Parashakti herself. WebRamgarhias - Gotras Gurus Our Gurus About Lord Vishavkarma Lord Vishavkarma's Aarty Lord Vishavkarma's Ardas Gems Bhai Lallo Ji M Jassa Singh Ji Ramgarhia Satguru Ram Singh Ji Baba Nand Singh Ji Matrimonial Looking for Ramgarhia Boy Looking for Ramgarhia Girl Post Your Match Organizations Organizations India Organizations Abroad The Jandu surname derives from the Ramgarhia group from North India, Punjab. Pg 276 hari ram gupta, Warrior-diplomat: Jassa Singh Ramgarhia - Harbans Singh Virdi. As with the Rai Sikhs, the British government had condemned them as robbers and thieves, and declared them a Notified Criminal Tribe. JATT SURNAMES: A: Anuja, Anwal, Arab, Arar, Atwal, Arya, Asar or Asra, Athangal, Aujla, Aulakh or Aurak, . Mir Mannu became the new governor of Lahore and Multan on the 9th April 1748 A.D. Goddess Parvati is considered to be the complete incarnation of Adi Parashakti or Goddess Durga, with all other goddesses being her incarnations or manifestations. Where does the last name Janda come from? They were allegedly converted to Sikhism during the time of fourth Guru of the Sikh faith, Guru Ram Das. He appointed Kaura Mal, who was kindly disposed towards the Sikhs as his new Diwan. In Phagwara, Punjab, India you will find lot of "Chana"s. It sure is a Ramgarhia surname. Sikhism Believes that all are Equal before GOD irrespective of caste , creed, social or financial status or gender .Gurus denounced Caste system pr Jai Singh was defeated and his son Gurbakhsh Singh killed.
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