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He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? 50 0 obj A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. Intro to Social psy chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". Three other participants declined the offer and another one, though he gave the girl a positive briefing, he asked for the girl's number afterwards so he can, according to him, explain to her further what the study is about. In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). This question is less directly related to the dissonance that was experimentally created for the Ss. Patrick has a strong_____. Instead the opposite happened. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. Sandy was using_______ processing. If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. 0000001035 00000 n Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". DISCUSSION. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. There is another possible way, however. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. Their attitudes changed to fit their behavior, reducing the uncomfortable feeling of dissonance. Half of the As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. York University, Toronto, Ontario. in order to reduce dissonance. One Dollar condition. Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. Marco is using an example of. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. Cite details from the essay that support your response. This has many practical implications. Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . This project has received funding from the, You are free to copy, share and adapt any text in the article, as long as you give, Select from one of the other courses available, https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance, Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. /N 8 This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The greater the reward offered (beyond what was necessary to elicit the behavior) the smaller was the effect. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. /O 49 Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. Festinger, L. (1957). Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). 0000012870 00000 n According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. Behavior and Attitudes - Why does our Behavior Affect our Attitudes Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. To reduce the feeling of discomfort about lying, they persuaded themselves they actually enjoyed the experiment. oldfinal.rtf - Psychological Sciences The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable He must be a genius." those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. His data, however did not support this idea. The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. The hour which the S spent working on the repetitive, monotonous tasks was intended to provide, for each S uniformly, an experience about which he would have a somewhat negative opinion. According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. 0000000868 00000 n In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. Social Psychology 309 Multiple Choice for Final Exam - Quizlet 3. The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . Some have already been discussed. We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. June 22, 2015 Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. Festinger and Carlsmith - cognitive dissonance , Cognitive consequences of Forced Compliance. The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. Scott, W. A. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. by meredith_davis9, This is. Psychology Chapter 12 Flashcards - Cram.com "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. 2. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. Because of the desirability of investigating this possible alternative explanation, we recorded on a tape recorder the conversation between each S and the girl. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. }. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor.