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We don't collect information from our users. See: Thiele, Johannes (1899) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigten Verbindungen" (On our knowledge of unsaturated compounds), Kolmetz, Gentry, Guidelines for BTX Revamps, AIChE 2007 Spring Conference, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. The pathway for the metabolism of benzene is complex and begins in the liver. Investigation of stoichiometric methane/air/benzene (1.5%) and methane [all data], Vesely, Zabransky, et al., 1979 In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of its members. From p. 102: " benzene, according to this view, may be represented by a double ring, in fact." Am. The specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/g C and the specific heat of steam is 1.99 J/g C. H vapof water = 40.8 kJ/mol. Chem. Next, the diol is newly reduced by NADH to catechol. As benzene is ubiquitous in gasoline and hydrocarbon fuels that are in use everywhere, human exposure to benzene is a global health problem. Chim. III. Important examples include the sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, respectively, Cr(C6H6)2 and [RuCl2(C6H6)]2. Copyright for NIST Standard Reference Data is governed by [all data], Swietoslawski and Zielenkiewicz, 1960 (The density of benzene is 0.80 g/mL, its specific heat capacity is 1.74 J/g K, and its heat of fusion is 127 J/g.) Benzene is hepatically metabolized and excreted in the urine. Solution Chem., 1987, 16, 745-752. Thermodynam., 1993, 25(1), 41-50. Chem. Inzh-Fiz. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Have no definite shape 2. 14.3 g What is the oxidation number of carbon in C2O4? Calorimetric determinations of thermal properties of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and benzene, Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm. Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight. Partial Vaporization of a Mixture An equimolar liquid mixture of The phase diagram of benzene is shown below the table. CAS RN. [39] This vision, he said, came to him after years of studying the nature of carbon-carbon bonds. In addition to the standard 4 confined space gases which include combustibles, O2, CO, & H2S, the GX-6000 has 2 additional smart channels that accept . GSH mutations or deletions result in loss of function and result in decreased detoxification. 10, 1967, No.1, 79-82. Studies have shown that genotype at these loci may influence susceptibility to the toxic effects of benzene exposure. Ref. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. This page provides supplementary chemical data on benzene. Benzene depletion in a laminar premixed flat stoichiometric low-pressure methane/air/benzene (1.5%) flame was investigated using a recently developed kinetic model that has been tested for low-pressure combustion of acetylene, ethylene, and benzene.Experimental flame structures of two stoichiometric methane/air flames (v =34.2 cm s 1, 5.33 kPa) with and without the addition of 1.5% of . Hydrogenation cannot be stopped to give cyclohexene or cyclohexadienes as these are superior substrates. de Kolossowsky, N.A. Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane . Zur Thermodynamik von Mischphasen IX. [25] In 1997, benzene was detected in deep space.[26]. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy that must be transferred to or from 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1. [16] An acidic material was derived from benzoin by sublimation, and named "flowers of benzoin", or benzoic acid. [90] The NIOSH short-term exposure limit (STEL 15 min) is 1 ppm. Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal. Grolier, J.-P.E. After exposure to 63 to 405mg/m3 of benzene for 1 to 5 hours, 51 to 87% was excreted in the urine as phenol over a period of 23 to 50 hours. [107][108], This article is about the chemical compound. Chemical Properties of Ethylbenzene (CAS 100-41-4) Benzene is the name of an aromatichydrocarbon,C 6 H 6. Heats of formation and chemical compositions . [all data], Kolosovskii and Udovenko, 1934 [all data], Tanaka, 1982 [38] Kekul's symmetrical ring could explain these curious facts, as well as benzene's 1:1 carbon-hydrogen ratio. Data, 1969, 14, 102-106. National Center for Biotechnology Information. The aromatic compounds. [all data], Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967 Z. Phys. Benzene (CAS 71-43-2) 1 Carcinogenic to humans. In March 2006, the official Food Standards Agency in United Kingdom conducted a survey of 150 brands of soft drinks. [all data], Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, References. The molecular conformation is stabilized by NHO and NHN intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. Prosen, E.J. Nitric Oxide Is a Regulator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Activity The reaction of the diazonium compound derived from aniline with hypophosphorus acid gives benzene. The reaction involves the acylation of benzene (or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium chloride or Iron(III) chloride. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. There are limitations on the content of benzene in gasoline. Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 1199-1200. Specific Hazards Arising from the Chemical Flammable. Acad. [all data], Fortier, Benson, et al., 1976 FOIA. ; Shipova, V.A., Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular disease. Ber. The idea is used in fireworks to produce the colour. Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Bull. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Reaxys Registry Number. J. Chem. The table shown here lists the specific heat of several substances Derivatives of benzene occur sufficiently often as a component of organic molecules, so much so that the Unicode Consortium has allocated a symbol in the Miscellaneous Technical block with the code U+232C () to represent it with three double bonds,[62] and U+23E3 () for a delocalized version.[63]. Molecular Weight 1 134.22 CAS 105-05-5 Other Names 1,4-DIETHYLBENZENE Benzene, p-diethyl- p-Diethylbenzene p-Ethylethylbenzene para-Diethylbenzene : Acentric Factor. The heat capacity of the system benzene + diphenylmethane, Instead, retain in a safe place in the laboratory (well away from any source of ignition). The American Petroleum Institute (API) stated in 1948 that "it is generally considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero". Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. What are hydrocarbon compounds? Why do they burn with a smokeless flame? J. Chem. As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the recommended (8-hour) exposure limit of 0.1 ppm.[84]. ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Berkane, M.; Jimenez, E.; Wilhelm, E., In industrybenzeneis used as a solvent, as a chemical intermediate, and is used in the synthesis of numerous chemicals. The catechol is then metabolized to acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA, used by organisms mainly in the citric acid cycle for energy production. Pacor, P., Faraday Soc., 1955, 51, 323-342. [all data], Rabinovich and Nikolaev, 1962 ; Hart, K.R., The discussed value is almost 1.3 times higher than the heat flux obtained in case quenching is conducted by downward spray. ; T = 280 to 353 K. Data also given by equation. This is often called "on-purpose" methodology to produce benzene, compared to conventional BTX (benzene-toluene-xylene) extraction processes. [97] Benzene causes chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow explaining the higher incidence of leukemia and multiple myeloma caused by chronic exposure. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. Partial specific heat capacity of benzene and of toluene in aqueous Anal. Gorbunova, N.I. Uchebn. DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr. What is the specific heat of benzene? - displaypointer.com Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., Where Q = quantity of heat, c = specif heat of benzene, m = mass of benzene, t = initial temperature, t = final temperature. Landrieu, P.; Baylocq, F.; Johnson, J.R., As the specific heat of water is the most, it means most heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1C and it is because the water molecules are strongly held together by hydrogen bonds. Given that demand for para-xylene (p-xylene) substantially exceeds demand for other xylene isomers, a refinement of the TDP process called Selective TDP (STDP) may be used. Khim., 1947, 17, 1999-2003. The following information is given for benzene, C 6 H 6 . Chat now for more business. How much heat must be transferred to the mixture per g-mole of feed? Richards, W.T. The current NIOSH definition for an IDLH condition, as given in the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, is one that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment. Safety glasses. Although benzene and pyridine are structurally related, benzene cannot be converted into pyridine. Mitt. Trans. Benzene: 0.085: 2.7: 4.0: 1460: Hexane: . Long-term exposure to excessive levels of benzene in the air causes leukemia, a potentially fatal cancer of the blood-forming organs. Gorbunova, N.I. J. Chem. Manufacture of some of these benzene-containing formulations ceased in about 1950, although Liquid Wrench continued to contain significant amounts of benzene until the late 1970s. Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E. These aberrations can be monitored using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes to assess the effects of benzene along with the hematological tests as markers of hematotoxicity. Sci. and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. However, in the 1950s, increased demand for benzene, especially from the growing polymers industry, necessitated the production of benzene from petroleum. Die specifische Wrme flssiger organischer Verbindungen und ihre Beziehung zu deren Moleculargewicht, Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 259-268. Acta, 1967, 37, 200-208. Mesure des chaleurs specifique moleculaires de quelques liquides, ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein The use of mixing calorimeter for measuring heat capacities of liquids, Alkyne trimerisation of acetylene gives benzene. [75][95], Genetic polymorphisms in these enzymes may induce loss of function or gain of function. [all data], Sieg, Crtzen, et al., 1951 Chem., 1987, 118, 1-18. Data, 2008, 37, 4, 1855-1996. [all data], Deshpande and Bhatagadde, 1971 Benzene should NOT be used at all unless no safer alternatives are available. ), pp. Therefore, between the carbon atoms of benzene there were no fixed (i.e., constant) and distinct single or double bonds; instead, the bonds between the carbon atoms were identical. ; Hepler, L.G., Benzene Gas - Specific Heat vs. Temperature - Engineering ToolBox The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. Benzene is a chemical compound in gasoline. There are sufficient high-quality literature values to make a good evaluation with a high degree of confidence. When gasoline burns, the benzene reacts with oxygen. Res., 1931, NBS 6, 881-900. J. Thermophysics, 1982, 3, 1-15. J. Chem. [78] IARC rated benzene as "known to be carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The heat capacity of benzene (C6H6) is 81.7 J mol-1 C-1. How much heat ; Extrapolation below 90 K, 47.49 J/mol*K.; p = 0.1 MPa. Vesely, F.; Svoboda, V.; Pick, J., Calorimetry (Lect. Data, 1989, 34, 332-335. [96], The paradigm of toxicological assessment of benzene is shifting towards the domain of molecular toxicology as it allows understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms in a better way. In the body, benzene is enzymatically converted to a series of oxidation products including muconic acid, phenylmercapturic acid, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. Chem. This was seven years after he had solved the problem of how carbon atoms could bond to up to four other atoms at the same time. Data, 1986, 31, 238-240. [76] There is no safe exposure level; even tiny amounts can cause harm. For example, mutations in CYP2E1 increase activity and result in increased generation of toxic metabolites. reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. Eng. The short term exposure limit for airborne benzene is 5 ppm for 15 minutes. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Chem. J. Chem. Aspiration hazard - Category 1 The signal word is danger. J. Chem., 1978, 82, 1282-1290. Subrahmanyam, S.V. The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%. Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure - Category 1. Physical State (20 deg.C) Liquid. ; Smith, J.F. (1-Ethylpropyl)benzene 1196-58-3 | Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.(APAC) Specific heat of benzenoid hydrocarbons, In a human study 16.4 to 41.6% of retained benzene was eliminated through the lungs within five to seven hours after a two- to three-hour exposure to 47 to 110 ppm and only 0.07 to 0.2% of the remaining benzene was excreted unchanged in the urine. Benzene. Benzene, C6H6, is a clear colorless to light-yellow liquid, flammable with a petroleum-like, aromatic odor. [all data], Prosen, Gilmont, et al., 1945 Am. [88] The purpose of establishing an IDLH value is (1) to ensure that the worker can escape from a given contaminated environment in the event of failure of the respiratory protection equipment and (2) is considered a maximum level above which only a highly reliable breathing apparatus providing maximum worker protection is permitted. [79][80], According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007), benzene is both a synthetically-made and naturally occurring chemical from processes that include: volcanic eruptions, wild fires, synthesis of chemicals such as phenol, production of synthetic fibers, and fabrication of rubbers, lubricants, pesticides, medications, and dyes. biphenyl (aka diphenyl) at higher temperature: If the raw material stream contains much non-aromatic components (paraffins or naphthenes), those are likely decomposed to lower hydrocarbons such as methane, which increases the consumption of hydrogen. Excess heat capacity of the binary systems formed by n-propyl alcohol with benzene, mesitylene and cyclohexane, Dejardin, G., cHliquid : Standard liquid enthalpy of combustion (kJ/mol). Data compiled as indicated in comments: National Library of Medicine. Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S., J. NBS, 1946, 36, 455-461. Measurement of the heat capacity of a small volume of liquid by the piezo-thermometric method. PDF Safety Data Sheet [all data], Atalla, El-Sharkawy, et al., 1981 SAFETY DATA SHEET - Lab Equipment and Lab Supplies | Fisher Scientific Monatsh. / Cincia & Tecnologia dos Materiais 26 (2014) 142-149 143 test specimen but depends on the methods of preparation of the specimen, presence of surface 2o -889 .1791 162 basic lead carbonate 3pb 2c 8o 2h 0 163 benzene 6h 6c 143 .0317 164 benzotrifuroxane (btf) 6c 6o 6n 571 .0686 165 beryllium (non-reactive) 1u2 .0668 166 beryllium (pure crystaline) 1be .0668 167 beryllium borohydride 2b 1be 8h -666 .0218 168 beryllium hydride 1be 2h -399 0 169 . Atalla, S.R. Eng. ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Kooner, Z.S. phys. Benzene (data page) - Wikipedia The most common reactions of benzene involve substitution of a proton by other groups. Rastorguev, Yu.L. Studies on the heat capacities at low temperature. Thermal data on organic compounds. Benzene: Patient information sheet, "Drinking Water Contaminants | Organic Chemicals | Benzene", "Benzene Toxicity: Standards and Regulations", "Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction", "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure", "100 tonnes of pollutants spilled into Chinese river", "Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response", "A Former Nazi Labor Camp in Austria, Now Billed as a Tourist Site", Dept. [82], OSHA regulates levels of benzene in the workplace. ; Wilhelm, E.; Hamedi, M.H., Structure and properties . Further loss of hydrogen gives "fused" aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. Compound Name: Benzene; Formula: C6H6; at Temperature: CYP2E1 is involved at multiple steps: converting benzene to oxepin (benzene oxide), phenol to hydroquinone, and hydroquinone to both benzenetriol and catechol. Hyder Khan, V.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., Table 7.2. NQ01 metabolizes benzoquinone toward polyphenols (counteracting the effect of MPO). specific heat liquid = 1.740 J/g C A 27.00 g sample of liquid benzene is initially at 41.30 C. Chemical, physical and thermal properties of benzene:Values are given for liquid at 25oC /77oF / 298 K and 1 bara, if not other phase, temperature or pressure given. [42] If the anecdote is the memory of a real event, circumstances mentioned in the story suggest that it must have happened early in 1862. Copper standard solution | 7440-50-8 | Environmental Chemical Analysis Benzoic acid and its salts undergo decarboxylation to benzene. [all data], Kalali, Kohler, et al., 1987 Ber. The temperatures of the distillate and rejected brine flowing from the preheaters are 45 C . The limit of the fusion process is the hydrogen-free allotrope of carbon, graphite. ber das Verdampfungsgleichgewicht Benzol-1-2-Dichloraethan, Kalorimetrische Messungen an Mischungen von Nichtelektrolyten, 1. [all data], de Kolossowsky and Udowenko, 1933 The formula is Cv = Q / (T m). Benzene is less dense thanwaterand is slightly soluble inwater. Measurement of thermal properties of liquids with an AC heated-wire technique, 2 C6H6 + 15 0212 CO2 + 6HO + 1562 kcal How much heat is given off when 877 g (one liter) of benzene reacts with oxygen? Sieg, L.; Crtzen, J.L. Thermal and volumetric properties of chloroform + benzene mixtures and the ideal associated solution model of complex formation, Am. For a given species, see the thermodynamic values below. Kalali, H.; Kohler, F.; Svejda, P., See also the following documents for changes in benzene properties with changes in pressure and temperature: See also more about atmospheric pressure, and STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure & NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure, as well as Thermophysical properties of: Acetone, Acetylene, Air, Ammonia, Argon, Butane, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Ethane, Ethanol, Ethylene, Helium, Hydrogen, Hydrogen sulfide, Methane, Methanol, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Pentane, Propane, Toluene, Water and Heavy water, D2O. errors or omissions in the Database. The phase diagram for benzene shows the phase behavior with changes in temperature and pressure. More phase diagram and heating curve practice.docx - Phase Occupational Exposures Chemical Carcinogens & Mutagens - scribd.com On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Molar heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures: 1,2-dichloroethane + benzene, + toluene, and + p-xylene, In catalytic reforming, a mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points between 60 and 200C is blended with hydrogen gas and then exposed to a bifunctional platinum chloride or rhenium chloride catalyst at 500525C and pressures ranging from 850 atm.