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That appreciation was, however, specific to the maturity of his thought. Although abolitionists including Douglass had assailed Lincoln for his seeming reluctance to strike at slavery, Douglass now conceded the superiority of Lincolns judgment: Had he put the abolition of slavery before the salvation of the Union, he would have inevitably driven from him a powerful class of the American people and rendered resistance to rebellion impossible. -it allows the student to prove his/her point even further by refuting a misconception. [6] James Madison, Speech of June 6, 1787, in Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Vol. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Latest answer posted March 08, 2021 at 10:42:24 AM. The question that has with stood the test of time is, are these encounters that have been written out, exaggerated or the whole truth and nothing but the truth? In the early 1800s Frederick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland, and grew up on Colonial Edward Lloyds plantation. The Declarations affirmation, as self-evident truths, of the principles that all men are created equal and that they are endowed by their Creator with the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness is now commonly read as a declaration only of the rights of propertied white males. Peter C. Myers is Professor of Political Science at the University of WisconsinEau Claire and the author of Frederick Douglass: Race and the Rebirth of American Liberalism. But the final, unimpeachable confirmation of Lincolns anti-slavery commitment came for Douglass in August 1864, when the President, fearing that a demoralized electorate would soon force a premature end to the war, summoned Douglass to the White House to discuss a covert scheme for liberating as many as possible in the meantime. [8] The boy who became Frederick Douglass was born, enslaved, on Marylands Eastern Shore in February 1818 and given the improbably dignified name Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? Post comments: direct characterization of clarisse fahrenheit 451 direct characterization of clarisse fahrenheit 451 "The demographics of the death row population show a racial bias as well. There he worked proudly as a day laborer and refined his oratorical powers, both as a lay preacher in New Bedfords African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and as a participant in the meetings of local black abolitionists. As he renewed his labors for justice and progress for the freedpeople, Douglass had to confront a nettlesome question, lingering in the minds even of many anti-slavery whites, that had long obstructed the abolitionist cause. In all this talk of race, the motive may be good, but the method is bad. She has an M.A. II, pp. A counterclaim is just the opposite of a claim. To the enslaved and battered millions [who] have come, suffered, died, and gone, he observed, no recompense can be made. The same was true for those millions living descendents: If the American people could put a school house in every valley; a church on every hill top in the South and supply them with a teacher and a preacher respectively and welcome the descendents of the former slaves to all the moral and intellectual benefits of the one and the other, without money and without price, such a sacrifice would not compensate their children for the terrible wrong done to their fathers and mothers, by their enslavement and enforced degradation.[52]. Kimberly has taught Reading/Language Arts to intermediate and middle school students and holds a Master's Degree. 380382. [3] William Jefferson Clinton, Memphis Church of God in Christ Convention Speech, November 13, 1993, at http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/wjclintonmemphis.htm (November 8, 2010). He understands that education is his only way out of slavery. A claim of policy is an argument in support of, in opposition or, or for the alteration of an existing policy, law, or mandate. If the author's claim is that organ selling should be legalized, an example of an effective counterclaim would be that organ selling should not be legalized because it can drive up the cost of organ transplants, meaning that only the rich could afford to receive a transplant. What Are the Parts of an Argumentative Essay? - Study.com In his 1894 Blessings of Liberty and Education speech, presented a few months before his death, Douglass ventured on the subject a last word that he feared would be more useful than palatable: Since emancipation we hear much said of our modern colored leaders in commendation of race pride, race love, race effort, race superiority, race men and the like. In his reasonable faith in their ultimate triumph in America, Douglass found an enormous reservoir of strength that he labored to share with others. We want no black Ireland in America, he warned in response to the Supreme Courts disappointing ruling in the Civil Rights Cases in 1883no American counterpart to the aggrieved, unproductive, disproportionately criminal (under)class that Douglass viewed as the natural issue of Englands injustice. 1. Counterclaim - a claim for relief made in opposition to, or to offset another person's claim. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. To this day, Douglass endures unequalled as the invincible adversary of racial despair and disaffectionthe preeminent exemplar and apostle of hopefulness in the American promise of justice for all. In order for evidence to be reliable, it must come from a credible source that is current, nonbiased, provides researched sources, and (preferably) peer-reviewed. In The Blessings of Slavery, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slaves for the most part are the freest and happiest people in the world. Under its influence, the tender heart became stone, and the lamblike disposition gave way to one of tigerlike fierceness" (page 28). The standard format for an argumentative essay is as follows: An effective argument contains all of the necessary components (claim, reasons, evidence, counterclaims) while keeping the intended audience in mind. That's a reason. If he had he would have faced much more threats than he did. 59 lessons. A counterclaim is the opposite of the argument, or the opposing argument. How does douglass refute this counterclaim? Your argument can be summed up quickly. [32] Douglasss response was disarmingly blunt. [5] As Abraham Lincoln and many others have observed, the claim that the Founders regarded blacks or nonwhites as beings lacking equal natural rights is altogether false. 790, 795797. He shouted with joy when he was able to achieve this feat. But he makes it equally clear that slavery was not successful in achieving this aim. Another way to organize the body of the essay is to spend two paragraphs discussing reasons and providing evidence for support and using the third body paragraph to address a counterclaim. [56] To the Editor of the National Republican, in Life and Writings, Vol. [12] Douglass, What to the Slave is the Fourth of July? July 5, 1852, in Douglass Papers, Vol. [2] Cornel West, Race Matters (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993), chapter 1. Although Frederick Douglass believes that the only way to freedom for him and his fellow slaves, is through learning how to build on. Every nation, owing to its peculiar character and composition, has a definite mission in the world, Douglass observed in 1869, but Americas mission, clearer than ever in the aftermath of the war, marks it as exceptional. Frederick Douglass autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave offers a depiction of slavery like very few before him, from his firsthand accounts. Frederick Douglass's speech "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?" has many of the elements of a good argumentative structure. 'My friends that have Internet access make the Honor Roll.'. If the claim is that the United States should ban capital punishment, an effective counterclaim would be that the United States should not ban capital punishment because capital punishment provides a sense of closure for the families of the victims of violent crimes. [28] Douglass, Address on the Twentieth Anniversary of Emancipation, April 16, 1883, in Douglass Papers, Vol. When providing evidence to support reasoning, always make sure that the evidence comes from a credible source and that it is directly relevant to the reasoning. in Professional Writing and Rhetoric from the University of New Orleans and a B.A. IV, p. 459. Criticizethe reasoning of the counterclaimas being flawed, illogical, or biased. Finally, he cites his altercation with Mr. The conclusion should sum up the author's entire argument from the essay. It was above all in Americas original and unforgettable dedication to those principles that Douglass found reason to love and identify with his country, despite the injustices that he and his people had suffered. In other words, rather than attempting to restore what slavery took from its victims in actual or potential acquirements of wealth and status, governments should secure opportunities and lend support for the freedpeoples own efforts in self-improvement and self-elevation. IV, p. 420. [29] Douglass, Speech at the Unveiling of The Freedmens Monument, April 14, 1876, in Life and Writings, Vol. Frederick Douglass's America: Race, Justice, and the Promise of the IV, p. 436. 364366. How to Teach Essaysincludes 42 skill-based essay strategy worksheets (fillable PDFs and 62 Google slides), beginning with simple 3-word paragraphs and proceeding step-by-step to complex multi-paragraph essays. Today we're going to learn about the parts of an argument necessary to win one! One is that slavery was an institution that corrupted whites and robbed (or attempted to rob) blacks of their humanity. To the contrary, it was a hard-won achievement, and as such, it contains valuable lessons for all Americans and especially for those who, like the young Douglass himself, find themselves dispirited about their place and prospects in their country. His evidence for this claim is that when he first meets her in Baltimore, she is a very kind woman. [45] Two things are noteworthy about this proposal. The more difficult ones were put in place by Douglass in order to provide a deep and profound statement, without arousing too much opposition. After Douglass escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literature and speeches. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave - eNotes Those who are skeptical of the claim of a post-racial America have a point. Douglass's sometimes stern emphasis on the virtues of self-reliance and self-elevation does not mean that he had grown insensitive to the magnitude of the difficulties yet to be overcome; nor . In the end, these elements of freedom-becoming educated-led to his last act of rebellion, which he thought would bring him freedom. Douglasss great cause was integration, and his great theme was hopefulnessrationally grounded hopefulnessin Americas capacity to secure justice for all, irrespective of race, color, sex, or creed. Then, it's time for your evidence, which, again, you have thoughtfully and thoroughly prepared. Through his knowledge, he learns more about his situation and potential. Frederick Douglass pure story telling in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass directly goes against any argument for slavery from Fitzhugh, by revealing the harshness of the institution of slavery and the individuals behind it. To remedy the degradation and impoverishment that proceeded from this culture of indolence, Douglass throughout the postwar years insistently extolled the property right and the virtues of free labor that supported it, and he called upon his fellow black Americans in particular to cultivate the self-reliant virtues of industry, productivity, and thrift. Hannover Turismo It is difficult to challenge the accuracy of the first hand account offered. An argumentative essay is an essay in which the author makes a claim (argument) and then attempts to persuade their audience to believe their claim through reasons, evidence, and the addressing of counterclaims. The broadest and bitterest of the black mans misfortunes is the fact that he is everywhere regarded and treated as an exception to the principles and maxims which apply to other men.[35], In its concrete applications, Douglasss principle of fair play meant first that the white majority must refrain from various courses of action whereby it might be tempted to evade rather than to resolve properly the problem of race relations. Douglass debunks the mythology of slavery in his narrative by rebuking the romantic image of slavery with very disturbing imagery, promotes his own views on the intellectual belief of slaves, and exposes the system for promoting the disloyalty among slaves. It must be acknowledged that most of the Founders, with notable exceptions, were not racial integrationists; yet despite their particular doubts, racial integration is a legitimate inference from their principles, as Douglass forcefully argued. 4. work!!! For the audience? [50] My Bondage and My Freedom, in Autobiographies, p. 286; Douglass to Stowe, March 8, 1853, in Life and Writings, Vol. Accept the criticism of the counterclaim. [11] Douglass, Speech at the American Anti-Slavery Society, May 11, 1847, in The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, Vol. -he wishes he could present a speech that was positive for the people. This counterclaim both disagrees with the claim and disproves it with on-topic reasoning. Provide a quotation from the speech that shows Douglass's response to the counterclaim identified. [54] Douglass, To the Editor of the National Republican, in Life and Writings, Vol. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? In a standard, five-paragraph argumentative essay, there are three sections, each with their own components. I explain Douglasss argument more elaborately in Frederick Douglass, pp. The short essay, Slavery as a Mythologized Institution, explains how people in that time period justified the disgusting behavior that was demonstrated regularly. . [45] The manuscript is available in the Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library of Congress (Speech, Article, and Book File; Miscellany, Folder 7 of 20) and also online at the librarys Douglass Papers Web site, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/doughtml/doughome.html. Its easy for us to admit that slavery is wrong but, in Frederick Douglasss time no one thought that it was. A rebuttal is when the author disproves an argument. the debate over slavery? Douglass describes this memory as the "blood-stained gate" through which he entered slavery, and he is struck throughout at how the institution made tyrants of whites. He cites literacy as a pathway to humanity and ultimately freedom, one which he ironically discovered when Mr. Auld made his feelings about black literacy known. Douglasss arguments on this subject extended back to his early abolitionist years, when he saw very clearly that slaves natural rights to liberty were fundamentally identical with their natural rights to propertywith their natural properties in their own persons, in their own labor, and in the fruits of that laborand that the fundamental evil of slavery was to deprive them, at once, of both. Douglass's really has two central claims in theNarrative. The evils which are now crushing the Negro to earth have their root and sap, their force and mainspring, in this narrow spirit of race and color and the Negro has no more right to excuse or to foster it than men of any other race. In paragraph 5, what does Douglass acknowledge as a counterclaim to his The controversy of racism scorches Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass written by Frederick Douglass himself. Criticizethe evidence and analysis of the counterclaimas being unimportant, irrelevant, or a misinterpretation. Whom was he trying to reach? In the speech, Douglass makes a claim. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you No words, no tears, no prayers, from his gory victim, seemed to move his iron heart from its bloody purpose. Latest answer posted September 30, 2016 at 3:50:30 PM. 61, 6465. III, p. 420; Douglass, Womens Rights Are Not Inconsistent with Negro Rights, November 19, 1868, in Douglass Papers, Vol. [30] Life and Writings, Vol. 350351. Douglass made these particular remarks in a speech at the dedication of an industrial education institution in the state of Virginia, but they represent an extension of his broader advocacy, in this period, of a federally established system of public schools. Second, any truly salutary public assistance must also be integrative, not divisive, in its design and effects. Copyright 2009-2023 Pennington Publishing. Various options can be effective: 1. . Informative_Paragraph.pdf - Name: Kayla Valadez Date: Counterclaim - Argumentative Essay - Kennett Middle School Library Additionally, it comes from a credible source: an academic paper from the. Two key components of an argumentative essay are the reasons and evidence. Abstract: Nearly 50 years after Martin Luther King delivered his memorable I have a dream speech, there is a growing consensus that the civil rights movement, despite some important victories, has been a failure. IV, p. 63. II, p. 360. These paragraphs contain the author's sub-claims/reasoning, counterclaims, and evidence. Douglass gives detailed anecdotes of his and others experience with the institution of slavery to reveal the hidden horrors. Although the election meant that a new order of eventsis now fairly opening upon the country, he reserved judgment as to just how significant a change was in prospect. I know of no soil better adapted to the growth of reform than American soil. Here it is essential to note that Douglass, like James Madison, conceived of the right to property in its primary sense as a right to acquire material goods, grounded in the free use of ones faculties for productive labor. This is an effective counterclaim because it disagrees with the claim (stating that it should not be banned) and provides reasoning that disproves it (that it provides closure). Are there predictions to be made about future developments of this issue? The evidence is the facts, data, and quoted experts used to provide support for the reasoning. -the struggle for freedom changes through history by always separating one race from the other, and calling one superior -I have learned that African Americans have always been bullied and degraded by others, and they didn't get their freedom in the US until the mid 19th century, A discussion of a controversial or debatable issue, A particular belief, conclusion, or point of view. athenaeum club southend membership fees. The 4 parts of an argumentative essay are the claim, counterclaim, reasoning, and evidence. He includes personal accounts he received while under the control of multiple different masters. Dont pick a straw man. In other words, dont pick a weak opposing argument that is too easy to refute. In paragraph 5, what does douglass acknowledge as a counterclaim to Reasoning is the author's logic used to support and prove their claims. The reasoning is the logic used to prove a claim. -yes! keep that person in prison for all of his or her natural life" (Spangenberg and Walsh 15). Taking the policy claim from earlier, if an author is arguing that the United States should ban capital punishment, their reasons would be the reasons why they believe this is the case. Woe, woe! The main parts of an argument are: An error occurred trying to load this video. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? - piyusharora.com Common Core ELA Grade 8 - Writing: Standards, Writing Arguments: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.8.1, How to Support Your Claims in Writing With Reasoning and Evidence, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses. He says of Sophia Auld, "Slavery proved as injurious to her as it did to me" (page 28). (b) How early in the speech does he introduce this claim? how does douglass refute this counterclaim? - fater24.com A good conclusion for an argumentative essay should address at least one of the following: What implications does the argument have for various stakeholders? (b) Up to that point, what evidence has he presented to support his claim? They also remarked that slaves were often singing, which was said to prove they were happy, asserted that slaves were well taken of with cradle-to-grave security offered by benign masters, and argued that Christianity insured that white slave owners treated slaves with compassion. Douglass' primary claim in his narrative is that a nation predicated upon individual freedom cannot allow slavery to exist. His careful planning paid off in September 1838, when he fled Baltimore disguised as a seaman and made his way ultimately to New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he settled, a newly married man, and took the surname Douglass from the hero in Sir Walter Scotts epic poem The Lady of the Lake. As a result of entering slave-hood at an early age, he did not know his birthdate (like most slaves). Measuring him by the sentiment of his country, a sentiment he was bound as a statesman to consult, he was swift, zealous, radical, and determined. The first of his positive reversals occurred as he was sent to serve as a house slave in Baltimore, where, aided by his kindly slavemistress Sophia Auld, he learned the rudiments of literacy.