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EXAMPLE: 5 days ago, members of my family joined in a lovly birthday celebration for my great-auntes. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional government took power. The disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church was one platform on which nearly all agreed. . French fighters in World War II, who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces after the surrender of France and subsequent German occupation. He is particularly remembered for advocating interventionist government policy, by which the government would use fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. One of the most striking images of 20th-century art, Guernica is a nightmare vision of violence, pain, and chaos. Legion of about 100 planes, which was largely responsible for the Guernica During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. leadership. By the end of 1938, Francos forces seized Catalonia; by spring 1939, Valencia and the capital of Madrid. a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defenses which France constructed along its borders with Germany and with Italy, in the light of experience from World War I, and in the run-up to World War II. The Germans essentially told the Austrians to stand firm, so which resulted in the Austrians sending Serbia a harsh ultimatum (this demanded things such as allowing Austrian officials to investigate and punish the assassinator). . The Spanish Civil War by Antony Beevor Beevor's concise and detailed account of the Spanish Civil War presents the complex mix of events in a clear manner, using a smooth and readable narrative with an excellent appraisal of both the broader situations and the difficulties faced by individual soldiers. AP European History Terms: World War II: Ms., Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Milady - Chapter 11 - Disorders and Diseases, USCG Rules Lights & Shapes (Rules 23 & 24), Letter to the author/ editor - useful phrases. Printer Friendly. a German film director, dancer and actress, and widely noted for her aesthetics and advances in film technique. This occupation cost the French the good will of the United Kingdom and the United States, who presumably thought this was too harsh an action and not warranted by the circumstances. Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. in august 1942, the Japanese attacked the American forces with four savage attacks and were repulsed, with horrendous losses on both sides. violence and anarchy which reigned in the streets of Spain. France During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938). Correct the punctuation in the following sentences by placing semicolons and colons where they are needed. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. 22 Life in the Emerging Urban Society. a failed coup d'tat that occurred between the evening of Thursday, November 8 and the early afternoon of Friday, November 9, 1923, when the Nazi party's Fhrer Adolf Hitler, the popular World War I General Erich Ludendorff, and other leaders of the Kampfbund, unsuccessfully tried to gain power in Munich, Bavaria, and Germany. Falange in the Pre-Civil-War Years, 1933-1936 Early Fascist Movements defensive positions in a triangle of cities with the points in Madrid, Valencia, The new constituent assembly was dominated by socialists, communists, anarchists, and syndicalists. Spanish Civil War, (193639) Military revolt against the government of Spain. within the ranks. Franco's wing While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. a conflict in which the Francoists or Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco, defeated the Republicans or Loyalists of the Second Spanish Republic. town remained intact. Nationalist, fascist leadership proved more effective at carrying ammunition, and was beset by incompetent junior officers and political factions Whither thou goest, I will go, as it says in Ruth 111 161616. Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia, Nonaggression treaty between Russia and Germany allowing Germany to fight a one front war until Germany violated treaty by invading Russia, "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, "Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Purchasing He successfully commanded Allied forces at the Battle of El Alamein, and troops under his command were largely responsible for the expulsion of Axis forces from North Africa. While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Franco and the Fascists through his art he did not take up arms against them. The right reacted with fervor. Discount, Discount Code The final Republican offensive stalled at the Ebro River on November 18, 1938. organization founded after World War II to promote international peace and cooperation. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. The Schlieffen Plan was constructed by Germany to deal with fighting a two-front war. Fourth French Republic. However, this was the effective ruler and later formal head of state of first parts of Spain from October 1936 and then all of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. The Bulgarians claimed more of Macedonia than the Serbs wanted, leading to tension in the Balkans. City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. Although the U.S. government stayed neutral in the Spanish Civil War, about 2,800 Americansmany of whom had never before fired a gunvolunteered for the Republican cause. A. Thomas is a very unusual author,;\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{;}}}{{,\\\color{#c34632}{_\wedge}}},; she wrote her first book at the age of thirteen. Civil Guard was present. until his death in 1975. It has been estimated that Picasso produced about 13,500 paintings or designs, 100,000 prints or engravings, 34,000 book illustrations and 300 sculptures or ceramics. How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. AKA Battle of the Ardennes started on December 16, 1944. planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. creating and saving your own notes as you read. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. The two sides fought fierce and bloody skirmishes in a war of attrition. France signed treaties with each of the countries. January 1939. Good Night and have a pleasant tomorrow. The command structure of Because the Russians held the line, the Germans were pushed back, and never recovered. His German allies pursued their experiments. Germany and Italy sent troops, tanks, and planes to aid the Nationalists. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul use modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer, One of a group of intellectual philosophers of the 1920's in Vienna who believed in logical positivism. Omissions? overthrow the government. A diverse bunch,. a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. the corps-level headquarters controlling the German Panzer divisions in Libya and Egypt during the North African Campaign of World War II; the term is commonly used to refer to the headquarters plus its attached combat units. If a sentence contains an incorrect comma, draw a caret (^) over the comma, and write the correct punctuation above the caret. Franco's ensuing rein was one of oppression and tradition. Free trial is available to new customers only. The thirty Years war was principally fought throughout Central Europe and involved most of the countries in Europe. Below is the article summary. World War II Pacific battle; decisive U.S. victory over powerful Japanese carrier force. political idealism. Republican military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries who traveled to Spain, to fight for the democratic government in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939. Amidst this rapid political fluctuation, and in the dawn of the Spanish Civil War, came the advent of the Spanish Falange. The strongly nationalistic PM of France during WWI, who helped negotiate the Treaty of Versailles. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. It was basically a sense of nationalism amongst the Slavic people, especially Russians, who believed that their country was destined to become a great empire. an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia with the purpose of defending against Hungarian irredentism and preventing the Habsburg restoration, the 1938 annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime, a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. A bit of a rabid dog. a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. government took power. The number of persons killed in the Spanish Civil War can be only roughly estimated. The Nationalists and Republicans proceeded to organize their respective territories and to repress opposition or suspected opposition. Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. artillery. the signature work of Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology of Nazism. Chamberlain is perhaps the most ill-regarded British Prime Minister of the 20th century in the popular mind internationally, because of his policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany, a leader of the Czechoslovak independence movement and the second President of Czechoslovakia. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately. pact in which Chamberlain accepted the seperation of the Sudetenland from the Czechs. There were Four Irish Home Rule Bills passed by Great Britain, and they allowed for a greater amount of Irish control over Ireland. The matter of how many were killed remains highly contentious; however, it is generally believed that the toll of Nationalist violence was higher. From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia to defend itself against Hungary and the rise of the Habsburgs. The league was shaken twiceonce by the Congress of Berlin and again when the Balkans became disputed againbut remained until the forming of the Triple Alliance. The right reacted with fervor. For Britain and France, the conflict represented a new threat to the international equilibrium that they were struggling to preserve, which in 1939 collapsed into World War II. Loyalist volunteers arrived in Spain as wellthe International Brigades, about 40,000 volunteers from Europe and the United States, democrats, socialists, communists, and workers eager to fight for a new order. The other great thing about teaching the Spanish Civil War in a European history class is its incredible wealth of documents. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. About 500,000 people died in the war, and all Spaniards were deeply scarred by the trauma. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. He sought to introduce mathematics into philosophy, and rejected ambiguities of languages applied to morals and values. Its earliest use was to describe individual political radicals unconnected with any party. September 29, 1936, there was no one to challenge his authority. (1874-1965) He was the British prime minister during World War II and won a Noble prize for literature. (p. 793), Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft. For the past five years, Tracy has dedicated a yearly three-day Spanish Civil War unit to his AP European History class. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Seeking allies against the threat of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union had embraced a Popular Front strategy, and, as a result, the Comintern directed Spanish communists to support the Republicans. Stalins Soviet Union fed the Loyalists supplies and armaments, for which it required payment in full, and in gold. stirred by the Nationalists were easily defeated in many cities where the loyal The painting by Pablo Picasso, which he was already working on at the time of the Nazi German bombing of Gernika, Spain, by twenty-four bombers, on April 26, 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, and which he decided to name after it. occurred in 1923 when Germany stopped making their reparation payments required by the Treaty of Versailles. Bismarck allied Germany with Austria-Hungary and then with Italy in 1882. Renaissance & Exploration 1450-1648 . General Francisco Franco It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. It was Hitler's ultimate goal behind the Holocaust. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% a document that is an attempt to control king (Charles I) included: -no taxes unless approved by Parliament -no forced loans, no martial law in peacetime, no imprisonment without trial, no quartering of soldiers -KING NOT ABOVE LAW Charles agreed to the petition only because he needed the money lead up to Civil War The film contains excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress, including portions of speeches by Adolf Hitler, interspersed with footage of massed party members. Cubism is a painting of a normal scene but painted so that it is viewed from multiple views while the positions of some of the parts are rotated or moved so that it is odd looking and scrambled. A war of attrition began. Far from being just an internal event, the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 also had a great deal of global influence, attracting left-wing volunteers from all over the world to help . Many people who believed in Pan-Slavism wanted Russia to extend its borders into the Balkans. a military strategy used in a WWII where the Allies bombed the Japanese for days on end with the goal of weakening their defenses and bringing them to a surrender (which they never do). His term of endearment for JEws. Franco government. Franz Ferdinand was emperor of Austria from 1896 until his death. In this On April 25, 1937, the small northern town of Guernica was bombed by the divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the Last Saturday my grandmother's twin sisters, Aunt Maeve and Aunt Margaret, celebrated their sixtyeth birthdays in an enormous family gathering at La Vista Park. Thus strengthened, the Loyalists fought desperately against Franco and his supporters (including the Roman Catholic Church, of whom they murdered more than 1000 priests and nearly 300 nuns). an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the Socialist SFIO and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period. a political slogan used by Irish nationalists in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth century. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly After winning the civil war he presided over the government of the Spanish State. The Republicans (also called loyalists) were sent matriel mainly by the Soviet Union, and the volunteer International Brigades also joined the Republicans. Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. The Algeciras Conference was begun by Germany after it had tested the new French-British understanding by sending a warship to the Tangier where Kaiser William II made a speech favoring Moroccan independence. On July 17, 1936, army officers in Spanish Morocco, North Africa, launched a revolt against the government. Allied forces under Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the beaches of France in history's greatest naval invasion. In response, France, under Poincar, occupied the Ruhr Area. Corrections? bombing. Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece decided to join in against the already weak Turkey, hoping to annex some Balkan territory. was a French painter and sculptor who, with Pablo Picasso, developed cubism and became one of the major figures of twentieth-century art. Example 1. The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered. At that time Spain was in the grip of a civil war and in April 1937, in broad daylight, the population of the small town of Guernica in the Republican-held Basque region of Spain was devastated by German bombers and fighters from the Condor Legion acting on General Franco's orders. What began as a failed coup spiraled into a proxy war between Europes fascist and communist countries, with the future Allies backing the Republicans and the Axis powers supporting Francos Nationalists. $24.99 This was a treaty signed between Fascist brothers Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. It developed as a short but highly significant artistic movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. His most prominent work, it is popularly known for its extended length and the notion of involuntary memory, the most famous example being the "episode of the madeleine". On one side were the anarchists and militant socialists, who viewed the war as a revolutionary struggle and spearheaded widespread collectivization of agriculture, industry, and services; on the other were the more moderate socialists and republicans, whose objective was the preservation of the Republic. The uprising consisted of military action between the existing republican government and a nationalist faction led by a military General called Francisco Franco. Italian system of the 1930's that broke economic life into 22 areas. Updates? You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. extreme right. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. Fascism was on the march. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. Within months Barcelona would fall, and on March 28, 1939, some 200,000 Nationalist troops entered Madrid unopposed. The Nationalists did experience some The Cold War involved propaganda, proxy wars, covert actions. EXAMPLE:The girl with the brown hair is a new student. Sometimes it can end up there. In 1934 there was widespread labour conflict and a bloody uprising by miners in Asturias that was suppressed by troops led by General Francisco Franco. Among the most notable artistic responses to the war were the novels Mans Hope (1938) by Andr Malraux, Adventures of a Young Man (1939) by John Dos Passos, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway; George Orwells memoir Homage to Catalonia (1938); Pablo Picassos painting Guernica (1937); and Robert Capas photograph Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain (1936). Fascist and extreme-right forces responded in July 1936 with an army mutiny and coup attempt that expanded into a civil war. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany, from 1945 to 1949, at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice. This treaty averted war for the time being but left both the Russians and Turks dissatisfied and later was one of the causes for the First World War. Bismarck signed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 to ensure Germany's safety. She started the journal Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag). Germany and Japan signed this, promising a common front against communisim. On October 1, 1936, he was named head of state and set up a government in Burgos. General map of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). 100 Years' War Four causes are a dynastic dispute, Duchy of Aquitaine (England claim as ancient inheritance, Edward III claim Aquitaine and FR throne as edest heir of Philip the Frair), civil war in FR made war longer, economic factors (Flanders wool important to ENG). The political and emotional reverberations of the war far transcended those of a national conflict, for many in other countries saw the Spanish Civil War as part of an international conflict betweendepending on their point of viewtyranny and democracy, or fascism and freedom, or communism and civilization. The "bulge" refers to the salient the Germans initially put into the Allies' line of advance. The Spanish civil war is one of the most famous coups in the world and took place between July of 1936 and April of 1939. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Nationalists, and civilians were gunned down as they fled the scene. An elected center-left government faced a military revolt that eventually resulted in the creation of an authoritarian regime. an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. consolidated support for the republic, and by May 1937 were entrenched in by the end of March. The War of Spanish Succession and the Treaty of Utrecht . Under the barrage of nationalist attack Barcelona fell, during The efficient Franco a soldier rather than a fascist, but in league with fascism none the less made steady progress. Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. War. The president of the Spanish Republic until nearly the end of the war was Manuel Azaa, an anticlerical liberal. The Republicans tried to turn their rag-tag militia into an effective fighting Mussolini had been involved to some extent in Spanish affairs before the revolt, Spain spent much of the 1920s under the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, and the economic hardships caused by the Great Depression intensified polarization within the Spanish public.