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[286] A blood clot resulting from the atrial fibrillation he had suffered for many years had formed in his upper heart, broken off, and traveled to his brain. He was re-elected with a historic electoral landslide in 1972 when he defeated George McGovern. In the second of four televised debates, Democratic presidential nominee John F. Kennedy and Vice President Richard Nixon turn their attention to foreign policy issues. [191], Nixon's policies dampened inflation through 1972, although their aftereffects contributed to inflation during his second term and into the Ford administration. He also was prescribed sleeping pills. Israels entry into the nuclear community (though never confirmed by Israel itself) destabilized the region by raising the possibility that Israel would resort to nuclear weapons if attacked by Arab countries. Though rapprochement with China and dtente with the Soviet Union were ends in themselves, I also considered them possible means to hasten the end of the war. Initial talks did not result in an agreement,[156] and in May 1969 he publicly proposed to withdraw all American troops from South Vietnam provided North Vietnam did so, and suggesting South Vietnam hold internationally supervised elections with Viet Cong participation. We will see it through. He was 81 years old. Nixon authorized the joint work between the FBI and Special Task Forces to effectively eliminate organized crime, resulting in over 2500 convictions by 1973. During nearly 20 years of retirement, Nixon wrote his memoirs and nine other books. His self-containment and conservatism were the reason, why he managed to survive Iran-Contra, when Nixon failed during Watergate. [303] According to his biographer Herbert Parmet, "Nixon's role was to steer the Republican party along a middle course, somewhere between the competitive impulses of the Rockefellers, the Goldwaters, and the Reagans. [10], Nixon's early life was marked by hardship, and he later quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood: "We were poor, but the glory of it was we didn't know it". On July 24, Nixon was touring the exhibits with Soviet First Secretary and Premier Nikita Khrushchev when the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in an impromptu exchange about the merits of capitalism versus communism that became known as the "Kitchen Debate". He was also the first one to use the political strategy called triangulation, which helped him to influence several countries at the same time. [113], In 1963 the Nixon family traveled to Europe, where Nixon gave press conferences and met with leaders of the countries he visited. [24] Instead of fraternities and sororities, Whittier had literary societies. Reagan was more reasonable in dealing with other countries. However, Nixon earned 301 electoral votes to 191 for Humphrey and 46 for Wallace, a majority. [22], Nixon was offered a tuition grant to attend Harvard University, but with Harold's continued illness requiring his mother's care, Richard was needed at the store. [84] Nixon emotionally defended himself, stating that the fund was not secret, nor had donors received special favors. He painted himself as a man of modest means (his wife had no mink coat; instead she wore a "respectable Republican cloth coat") and a patriot. [202] In 1974, Nixon proposed more comprehensive health insurance reforma private health insurance employer mandate[b] and replacement of Medicaid by state-run health insurance plans available to all, with income-based premiums and cost sharing. [104] Despite initial reluctance, Nixon entered the race. The president believed thatexcept during the Suez Crisisthe U.S. had failed to intervene with Israel, and should use the leverage of the large U.S. military aid to Israel to urge the parties to the negotiating table. [148] This was one component of triangular diplomacy. - Pinochet used Operation Condor to terroirse or kill political opponents. He always tried to follow every existing policy, not letting anything out of his hands. [167] Once American combat support ended, there was a brief truce, before fighting resumed, and North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam in 1975. After Hiss filed suit for defamation, Chambers produced documents corroborating his allegations. "The Richard Nixon vice presidency: Research without the Nixon manuscripts" in, David Tal, " 'Absolutes' and 'Stages' in the Making and Application of Nixon's SALT Policy. Omissions? - In January 1969 in his inauguration speech Nixon emphasises an era of negotiations with the Soviets, What was the US intervention in the Soviet Union, - Sept 1971 the USA, USSR, Britain and France signed the Four-Power agreement. [198] He relied on his domestic advisor John Ehrlichman, who favored protection of natural resources, to keep him "out of trouble on environmental issues. [78][79] On the campaign trail, Eisenhower spoke of his plans for the country, and left the negative campaigning to his running mate. Also in attendance were former Presidents Ford, Carter, Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and their wives. Among the candidates considered along with Nixon were Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft, New Jersey Governor Alfred Driscoll, and Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen. [154], In 1971, excerpts from the "Pentagon Papers", which had been leaked by Daniel Ellsberg, were published by The New York Times and The Washington Post. It was announced during the Vietnam War (195475), at the beginning of a global tour by Nixon, in an informal discussion with reporters on the island of Guam. "[241], The legal battle over the tapes continued through early 1974, and in April Nixon announced the release of 1,200 pages of transcripts of White House conversations between himself and his aides. Who succeeded Richard Nixon as president after he resigned? This, he hoped, would boost his election chances in 1972. What were Kissingers view on cold war strategy to date? In a December 1955 meeting, Eisenhower proposed that Nixon not run for reelection and instead become a Cabinet officer in a second Eisenhower administration, in order to give him administrative experience before a 1960 presidential run. He did not enjoy the role, and four months later applied to join the United States Navy. [149], When Nixon took office, about 300 American soldiers were dying each week in Vietnam,[150] and the war was widely unpopular in the United States, the subject of ongoing violent protests. [236] On October 10, 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned for reasons unrelated to Watergate: he was convicted on charges of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering during his tenure as governor of Maryland. The Nixon Doctrine influenced the U.S. decision to sell arms to Iran and to Israel in the 1970s. Nixon also had controversial ideas about dealing with Iraq and Iran problem. [141] On July 15, 1971, with announcements from Washington and Beijing that astounded the world, it was learned that the President would visit China the following February. [8], Nixon's upbringing was influenced by Quaker observances of the time such as abstinence from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. ", Hanhimki, Jussi M. "Foreign Policy Overview" in. No words can describe the depth of my regret and pain at the anguish my mistakes over Watergate have caused the nation and the presidency, a nation I so deeply love, and an institution I so greatly respect. President Johnson withdrew as a candidate in March, after an unexpectedly poor showing in the New Hampshire primary. He dismissed the Democratic platform as cowardly and divisive. "[294], Upon Nixon's death, the news coverage mentioned Watergate and the resignation but much of the coverage was favorable to the former president. [192][193] He then announced temporary wage and price controls, allowed the dollar to float against other currencies, and ended the convertibility of the dollar into gold. Nixon said of this, Even with close friends, I don't believe in letting your hair down, confiding this and that and the other thingsaying, "Gee, I couldn't sleep" I believe you should keep your troubles to yourself. What was the outcome of what happened in 1971? In late April, the President announced that Nixon would again be his running mate. In a 2011 paper on Nixon and the environment, historian Paul Charles Milazzo points to Nixon's creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and to his enforcement of legislation such as the 1973 Endangered Species Act, stating that "though unsought and unacknowledged, Richard Nixon's environmental legacy is secure". [92] According to Nixon biographer Stephen Ambrose, Nixon had "earned the high praise he received for his conduct during the crisis he made no attempt to seize power". While many doubted Whittaker Chambers's allegations that Hiss, a former State Department official, had been a Soviet spy, Nixon believed them to be true and pressed for the committee to continue its investigation. Olson suggests that legislation in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks restored the president's power. Nixon had a lot of reasonable ideas concerning foreign policy, but somehow he did not manage to turn them into reality. [20] He had greater success as a debater, winning a number of championships and taking his only formal tutelage in public speaking from Fullerton's Head of English, H. Lynn Sheller. [132] Whether the Nixon campaign interfered with negotiations between the Johnson administration and the South Vietnamese by engaging Anna Chennault, a fundraiser for the Republican party, remains a controversy. [a], On October 6, 1973, an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria, supported with arms and materiel by the Soviet Union, attacked Israel in the Yom Kippur War. Although he faced difficulty with Congress, Nixon was able to overcome his own partys views in order to fight for the best policies and his determination and successful policies earn him an A in this area. All the best! [87] Nixon attended Cabinet and National Security Council meetings and chaired them in Eisenhower's absence. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He also presided over the Apollo 11 Moon landing, which signaled the end of the Space Race. - Nixon and Mao discussed Taiwan, Vietnam and trade, - Nixon administration had successfully opened a dialogue with an enemy and Beijing encouraged North Vietnam to agree to peace - Nixon hoped to use China to counter balance Soviet power On taking office in 1969, he stepped up covert operations against Cuba and its president, Fidel Castro. Nixon believed this would destroy his political career. At the same time, however, Nixon resumed the bombing of North Vietnam (suspended by President Johnson in October 1968) and expanded the air and ground war to neighbouring Cambodia and Laos. He campaigned for many Republicans, seeking to regain seats lost in the Johnson landslide, and received credit for helping the Republicans make major gains that year. [318] Author and former British politician David Owen deemed Nixon an alcoholic.[319][320]. What successes did America have withArab Israeli war? For this service, he received a Navy Letter of Commendation (awarded a Navy Commendation Ribbon, which was later updated to the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal) from his commanding officer for "meritorious and efficient performance of duty as Officer in Charge of the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command". [104] His Democratic opponent was John F. Kennedy and the race remained close for the duration. After the war, and under Nixon's presidency, the U.S. reestablished relations with Egypt for the first time since 1967. [212][213], In addition to desegregating public schools, Nixon implemented the Philadelphia Plan in 1970the first significant federal affirmative action program. [253][254], In October 1974, Nixon fell ill with phlebitis. Nixon had four brothers: Harold (19091933), Donald (19141987), Arthur (19181925), and Edward (19302019). Nixon had done a lot to make peace in the world; however, he rarely succeeded in this. There he played opposite a high school teacher named Thelma "Pat" Ryan. [54] Nixon won the election, receiving 65,586 votes to Voorhis's 49,994. [85] Eisenhower decided to retain him on the ticket,[86] which proved victorious in the November election. Yet even in a spirit of historical revisionism, no simple verdict is possible. In his inaugural address, which received almost uniformly positive reviews, Nixon remarked that "the greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker"[138]a phrase that found a place on his gravestone. When Goldwater won the nomination, Nixon was selected to introduce him at the convention. [52][53] He contended that Voorhis had been ineffective as a representative and suggested that Voorhis's endorsement by a group linked to Communists meant that Voorhis must have radical views. Nixon opened the doors for women in collegiate sports when he signed Title IX in 1972, a civil rights law preventing gender bias at colleges and universities receiving Federal aid. When he left the Navy at the start of 1946, Nixon and his wife returned to Whittier, where he began a year of intensive campaigning. [195] Despite the failure to control inflation, controls were slowly ended, and on April 30, 1974, their statutory authorization lapsed. Nixon believed that putting distance between himself and other people was necessary for him as he advanced in his political career and became president. - In 1973 the Soviets tested multiple warheads on missile this suggested that the soviets may take a lead in the number of warheads [37] In later years, Nixon proudly said he was the only modern president to have previously worked as a practicing attorney. He remained in his hometown, enrolled at Whittier College in September 1930, and his expenses were met by a bequest from his maternal grandfather. In June, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a Democratic candidate, was assassinated just moments after his victory in the California primary. He added that, although the United States would continue to uphold all of its treaty obligations, it would expect its allies to contribute significantly to their own defense. [196] He eliminated the Cabinet-level United States Post Office Department, which in 1971 became the government-run United States Postal Service. - The US gave financial, organisational and technical aid to Operation Condor, What criticism did the US get for their involvement in Chile and Argentina, - Relations between China and US had been hostile since the Korean War in 1950-3 "[263] The interviews garnered 4550 million viewersbecoming the most-watched program of its kind in television history. Both presidents can be considered prominent figures of the political arena. [97], On April 27, 1958, Richard and Pat Nixon reluctantly embarked on a goodwill tour of South America. [289] Mourners waited in line for up to eight hours in chilly, wet weather to pay their respects. Nixon dedicated a $100-million to begin the war on cancer, a campaign that led to the creation of national cancer centers and antidotes that helped fight the deadly disease. [121], Nixon was one of the few leading Republicans not blamed for the disastrous results, and he sought to build on that in the 1966 Congressional elections. [55], In June 1947, Nixon supported the TaftHartley Act, a federal law that monitors the activities and power of labor unions, and he served on the Education and Labor Committee. A banquet was held that evening at the Kremlin.[172]. Nixon became the first President to give Native Americans the right to tribal self-determination by ending the policy of forced assimilation and returning their sacred lands. [172], Nixon engaged in intense negotiations with Brezhnev. [88] On his return to the United States at the end of 1953, Nixon increased the time he devoted to foreign relations.[89]. [261] In August of that year, he met with British talk-show host and producer David Frost, who paid him $600,000 (equivalent to $3million in 2021) for a series of sit-down interviews, filmed and aired in 1977. [188], At the time Nixon took office in 1969, inflation was at 4.7percentits highest rate since the Korean War. His periodic overindulgences, especially during stressful times such as during Apollo 13, concerned Price and others, including then-advisor Ehrlichman and long-time valet Manolo Sanchez. When Soviet Premier Brezhnev threatened to unilaterally enforce any peacekeeping mission militarily, Nixon ordered the U.S. military to DEFCON3,[183] placing all U.S. military personnel and bases on alert for nuclear war. What was the outcome of what happened in 1972? With some of his supporters believed to be in favor of drug legalization, McGovern was perceived as standing for "amnesty, abortion and acid". [298] In his article, Thompson described Nixon as "a political monster straight out of Grendel and a very dangerous enemy". - In March the communists attacked South Vietnam. Nixons most significant achievement in foreign affairs may have been the establishment of direct relations with the Peoples Republic of China after a 21-year estrangement. - China was worried about soviet American detente, - China is the real winner they continued to pose a threat to Taiwan, North Vietnam won and Chinese patronage dominated, - Nixon was worried about growing Soviet power, the stability of Germany and the cost of the arms race [21], At the start of his junior year in September 1928, Nixon's parents permitted him to transfer to Whittier High School. [185] The embargo caused gasoline shortages and rationing in the United States in late 1973, and was eventually ended by the oil-producing nations as peace in the Middle East took hold.[186]. Nixon founded the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 as a response to the rising concern over conservation and pollution. Nixon broke new ground by discussing environmental policy in his State of the Union speech in 1970. On May 19, 1948, the bill passed the House by 319 to 58, but later it failed to pass the Senate. Updates? Fearing communist revolution in Latin America, the Nixon administration helped to undermine the coalition government of Chiles Marxist Pres. The President did not reveal any of this to the American people. [107], Televised presidential debates made their debut as a political medium during the campaign. The Great Society had been enacted under Johnson, which, together with the Vietnam War costs, was causing large budget deficits. Agnew had little interest in the work, and most of it was done by Labor Secretary George Shultz. [195], Nixon advocated a "New Federalism", which would devolve power to state and local elected officials, though Congress was hostile to these ideas and enacted few of them. He maintained close relations with the Cuban-American exile community through his friend, Bebe Rebozo, who often suggested ways of irritating Castro. [162][163][164] Nixon's campaign promise to curb the war, contrasted with the escalated bombing, led to claims that Nixon had a "credibility gap" on the issue. - Nixon also secretly promised billions in aid to secure the settlement, Emphasising national interest rather than legalism and moralism in foreign policy, Vietnamization where South should fight their own battles. [182] The Nixon administration strongly supported Israel, an American ally in the Middle East, but the support was not unconditional. - Brezhnev planned to visit annually but this stopped due to Watergate, he was unable to form a strong relationship with Ford, Carter or Reagan, - Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in 1973 and an Israeli counter attack in. [131] He did not give specifics of how he hoped to end the war, resulting in media intimations that he must have a "secret plan". Environmental policy had not been a significant issue in the 1968 election, and the candidates were rarely asked for their views on the subject. - South Vietnamese survived temporarily, - 2 million communist soldiers Because of this successful diplomatic policy, the US get extrication from threat of Cold War, although it was temporary. [323], In October 1999, a volume of 1971 White House audio tapes was released which contained multiple statements by Nixon deemed derogatory toward Jews. He called for a War on Drugs and pledged to cut off sources of supply abroad. [76] Nixon also criticized President Harry S. Truman's handling of the Korean War. [285], Nixon suffered a severe stroke on April 18, 1994, while preparing to eat dinner in his home at Park Ridge, New Jersey. His work on the Alger Hiss case established his reputation as a leading anti-Communist, which elevated him to national prominence, and in 1950, he was elected to the Senate. He saw that the first Earth Day in April 1970 presaged a wave of voter interest on the subject, and sought to use that to his benefit; in June he announced the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [180], During the previous two years, Nixon had made considerable progress in U.S.Soviet relations, and he embarked on a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974. He was inclined to distance himself from people and was formal in all aspects, wearing a coat and tie even when home alone. [35] In 1938, he opened up his own branch of Wingert and Bewley in La Habra, California,[36] and became a full partner in the firm the following year. All Rights Reserved. On February 18, 1947, Nixon referred to Eisler's belligerence toward HUAC in his maiden speech to the House. [219] Nixon also canceled the Air Force Manned Orbital Laboratory program in 1969, because unmanned spy satellites were a more cost-effective way to achieve the same reconnaissance objective. This is a test of character and we must not fail the test. Judge John Sirica excused Nixon's presence despite the defendants' objections. [242], The scandal grew to involve a slew of additional allegations against the President, ranging from the improper use of government agencies to accepting gifts in office and his personal finances and taxes; Nixon repeatedly stated his willingness to pay any outstanding taxes due, and later paid $465,000 (equivalent to $2.6million in 2021) in back taxes in 1974. Scott and Goldwater told the president that he had, at most, only 15 votes in his favor in the Senate, far fewer than the 34 needed to avoid removal from office.[245]. In Iran, the United States agreed to sell conventional weapons to the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (the shah of Iran). - Detente did not stop crises occurring in other countries eg. "Nixon disbarred in New York in 1st ruling of Watergate guilt", Milazzo, Paul Charles. "[199] Other initiatives supported by Nixon included the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the National Environmental Policy Act required environmental impact statements for many Federal projects. He was also the first American President to visit China. - He believed in Realpolitik. [104] Nixon's performance in the debate was perceived to be mediocre in the visual medium of television, though many people listening on the radio thought Nixon had won. The Dallas Morning News stated, "History ultimately should show that despite his flaws, he was one of our most farsighted chief executives. In step with his conservative beliefs, his administration incrementally transferred power from the federal government to the states. [44][50] On March 10, 1946, he was relieved of active duty. Publicly, Nixon said his strategy was a combination of negotiating and Vietnamization. - he wanted to wait till the election was over, - He was a Harvard Uni prof [168], Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy during the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. - 74% thought that the South should not fall to communists, - North Vietnam was being driven to peace settlement by US bombings, Senio-Soviet relations and Nixons likelihood of being reelected - The US stopped all aid to Chile and World bank loans ($70 million in American aid was cut) Nixon's domestic policy saw him impose wage and price controls for 90 days, enforce desegregation of Southern schools, establish the Environmental Protection Agency, and begin the War on Cancer. WebPresident Nixon pursued two important policies that both culminated in 1972. [315] Nixon biographer Conrad Black described him as being "driven" though also "uneasy with himself in some ways".